| The University of Texas at Austin | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Motto | Disciplina praesidium civitatis (Latin) |
| Motto in English | Cultivated mind is the guardian genius of democracy[1] |
| Established | 1883 |
| Type | Flagship state university Land-grant university Sea-grant university Space-grant university |
| Endowment | US$12.1 billion (systemwide)[2] |
| President | William C. Powers, Jr. |
| Faculty | 2,770[3] |
| Staff | 14,000 |
| Undergraduates | 38,168[3] |
| Postgraduates | 12,827[3] |
| Location | Austin, Texas, U.S. |
| Campus | Urban, 423.5 acres (1.7 km²) |
| Former names | University of Texas (1883-1967)[4] |
| Sports | Texas Longhorns |
| Colors | Burnt orange and white[5] |
| Nickname | Longhorns |
| Mascot | Bevo & Hook 'em |
| Website | www.utexas.edu |
 | |
The University of Texas at Austin (also referred to as the University of Texas, UT, UT Austin, or Texas) is a public research university located in Austin, Texas, United States, and is the flagship institution of The University of Texas System.[6][7][8][9] The main campus is located approximately 0.25 miles (0.40 km) from the Texas State Capitol. Founded in 1883, the university has the fifth-largest single-campus enrollment in the nation as of fall 2009 (and had the largest enrollment in the country from 1997–2003), with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and 16,500 faculty and staff. It currently holds the largest enrollment of all colleges in the state of Texas.[10]
The University of Texas at Austin was named one of the original eight Public Ivy institutions[11] and was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929.[12] The university is a major center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $590 million in 2009.[13] The University of Texas at Austin operates various auxiliary facilities aside from the main campus, including the J. J. Pickle Research Campus. In addition, the university was recognized by Sports Illustrated as "America's Best Sports College" in 2002.[14] Its sports program has been dubbed the most successful in all of college sports.[15]
History
Establishment
The first mention of a public university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although an article promised to establish public education in the arts and sciences, no action was taken by the Mexican government. But after Texas obtained its independence from Mexico in 1836, the Congress of Texas adopted the Constitution of the Republic, which included a provision to establish public education in the republic, including two universities or colleges. On January 26, 1839, the Congress of Texas agreed to eventually set aside fifty leagues of land towards the effort; in addition, 40 acres (160,000 m2) in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated "College Hill."[16]
In 1846, Texas was annexed into the United States. The state legislature passed the Act of 1858, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds towards construction of a university. In addition, the legislature designated land, previously reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction, toward the universities' fifty leagues. However, Texas's secession from the Union and the American Civil War prevented further action on these plans.
After the war, the 1862 Morrill Act facilitated the creation of what is now Texas A&M University, which was established in 1876 as the Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas.[16] The Texas Constitution of 1876 mandated that the state establish a university "at an early day," calling for the creation of a "university of the first class", styled "The University of Texas." It revoked the endowment of the railroad lands of the Act of 1858 but appropriated 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2) in West Texas. In 1883, another two million were granted, with income from the sale of land and grazing rights going to The University of Texas and Texas A&M.[16]
In 1881, Austin was chosen as the site of the main university, and Galveston was designated the location of the medical department. On the original "College Hill," an official ceremony began construction on what is now referred to as the old Main Building in late 1882. The university opened its doors on September 15, 1883.
Expansion and growth
The old Victorian-Gothic Main Building served as the central point of the campus's 40-acre (160,000 m2) site, and was used for nearly all purposes. But by the 1930s, discussions arose about the need for new library space, and the Main Building was razed in 1934 over the objections of many students and faculty. The modern-day tower and Main Building were constructed in its place.
In 1910, George Brackenridge donated 500 acres (2.0 km2) located on the Colorado River to the university . A vote by the regents to move the campus to the donated land was met with outrage, and the land has only been used for auxiliary purposes such as graduate student housing. Part of the tract was sold in the late-1990s for luxury housing, and there are controversial proposals to sell the remainder of the tract. The Brackenridge Field Laboratory was established on 82 acres of the land in 1967.
As a result of the controversy, in 1921, the legislature appropriated $1,350,000 for the purchase of land adjacent to the main campus. But expansion was hampered by the constitutional restriction against funding the construction of buildings. With the discovery of oil on university-owned grounds in 1923, the institution was able to put its new wealth towards its general endowment fund. These savings allowed the passing of amendments to make way for bond issues in 1931 and 1947, with the latter expansion necessary from the spike in enrollment following World War II. The university built 19 permanent structures between 1950 and 1965, when it was given the right of eminent domain. With this power, the university purchased additional properties surrounding the original 40 acres (160,000 m2).
Recent history
On August 1, 1966, Texas student Charles Whitman barricaded the observation deck in the tower of the Main Building. With two rifles, a sawed-off shotgun and various other weapons, he killed 10 people on campus from the observation deck below the clocks on the tower and three more in the tower as well as wounding two more inside the observation deck. Whitman had been a patient at the University Health Center, and on March 29, preceding the incident, had conveyed to Psychiatrist Maurice Heatley, his feelings of overwhelming hostilities and that he "felt like going up in the tower and shooting people with a deer rifle".[17] Following the Whitman incident, the observation deck was closed until 1968, and then closed again in 1975 following a series of suicide jumps during the 1970s. In 1998, after installation of security fencing and other safety precautions, the tower observation deck reopened to the public.
Completed in 1969, Jester Center was the largest residence hall in North America and was the largest building project in university history. It includes two towers: a 14-level and 10-level residences with a capacity of 3,200.
The first presidential library on a university campus was dedicated on May 22, 1971 with former President Johnson, Lady Bird Johnson and then-President Richard Nixon in attendance. Constructed on the eastern side of the main campus, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum is one of twelve presidential libraries administered by the National Archives and Records Administration.
The University of Texas has experienced a wave of new construction recently with several significant buildings. On April 30, 2006, the school opened a new 155,000-square-foot (14,400 m2) facility named the Blanton Museum of Art. The museum, the largest university art museum in the United States, is home to more than 17,000 works from Europe, the United States and Latin America.[18] In August 2008, the AT&T Executive Education and Conference Center opened for conferences, seminars and continuing education and executive-education programs. The hotel and conference center are part of a new gateway to the university extending the South Mall. Later the same month, after three years of renovations were completed, Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium became the largest stadium (by seating capacity) in the state of Texas. In addition to numerous improvements, DKR now seats 100,119, up from the previous 94,113.[19] In 2009, demolition of the old Experimental Sciences Building (ESB) was completed and construction began on a replacement to be named the Norman Hackerman Building (NHB) in honor and memory of Dr. Norman Hackerman, chemist, professor and president emeritus.[20]
Campus
The university's property totals 1,438.5 acres (582.1 ha), comprising the 423.5 acres (171.4 ha) for the main campus and other land for the J. J. Pickle Research Campus in north Austin and the other properties throughout Texas.
One of the university's most visible features is the Beaux-Arts Main Building, including a 307-foot (94 m) tower designed by Paul Philippe Cret.[21] Completed in 1937, the Main Building is located in the middle of campus. The tower usually appears illuminated in white light in the evening but is lit orange for various special occasions, including athletic victories and academic accomplishments; it is conversely darkened for solemn occasions.[22] At the top of the tower is a carillon of 56 bells, the largest in Texas. Songs are played on weekdays by resident carillonneur Tom Anderson, in addition to the usual pealing of Westminster Quarters every quarter hour between 6 a.m. and 9 p.m.[23] In 1998, after the installation of security and safety measures, the observation deck reopened to the public indefinitely for weekend tours.[24]
The university is home to 7 museums and 17 libraries, which hold over eight million volumes.[25] The holdings of the university's Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center include one of only 21 remaining complete copies of the Gutenberg Bible and the first permanent photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras, taken by Nicéphore Niépce.[26] The newest museum, the Blanton Museum of Art, opened in April 2006 and hosts approximately 17,000 works from Europe, the United States, and Latin America.
The University of Texas has an extensive underground tunnel system that links all of the buildings on campus. Constructed in the 1930s under the supervision of creator Carl Eckhardt, then head of the physical plant, the tunnels have grown along with the university campus. They currently measure approximately six miles in total length.[27][28] The tunnel system is used for communications and utility service. It is closed to the public and is guarded by silent alarms. The university also operates a 1.1 megawatt TRIGA nuclear reactor at the J.J. Pickle Research Campus.[29][29][30]
The university continues to expand its facilities on campus. In February 2006, the Board of Regents voted to update and expand the football stadium, and in March 2006 the student body passed a referendum to build a new Student Activities Center next to Gregory Gym on the east side of campus, pending final approval by the Board of Regents. According to The Daily Texan, the project is estimated to cost $51 million and is set to open between fall 2010 and fall 2012. Funding will primarily come from students, raising tuition by a maximum of $65 per semester.[31]
The university operates a public radio station, KUT, which provides local FM broadcasts as well as live streaming audio over the Internet. The university uses Capital Metro to provide bus transportation for students around the campus and throughout Austin.
Academic profile
| University rankings (overall) | |
|---|---|
| ARWU World[32] | 38 |
| ARWU National[33] | 31 |
| Times Higher Education[34] | 76 |
| USNWR National University[35] | 47 |
| WM National University[36] | 9 |
UT Austin is consistently ranked as one of the top public universities in the country, with highly-regarded programs in a variety of fields. Nationally, the university ranked 47th according to U.S. News and World Report,[37] 15th among public universities in 2009.[38] The McCombs School of Business was ranked sixth among undergraduate business programs,[39] and the Cockrell School of Engineering was ranked ninth among undergraduate engineering programs.[40] Internationally, UT Austin was ranked 70th in the "World's Best Universities" ranking presented by U.S. News and World Report,[41] and ranked 38th in the world by Shanghai Jiao Tong University,[42] based on factors such as Nobel laureate affiliation and number of highly-cited researchers. In 2009, The Economist ranked the school 49th worldwide.[43]
As of 2010, U.S. News and World Report ranked forty-three UT graduate programs and specialties in the top ten nationally, and another fifty-three others ranked in the top 25.[44] Among these programs include the ninth-ranked Cockrell School of Engineering,[45] the tenth-ranked College of Education,[46] and the 15th-ranked School of Law.[47] Four UT graduate programs were ranked first in the nation, including Accounting and Petroleum Engineering.[44] While the university does not have a medical school, it houses medical programs associated with other campuses and allied health professional programs, which has contributed to the College of Pharmacy's number four ranking.[48] The MBA program in the McCombs School of Business was ranked 16th nationally in 2010.[49] A 2005 Bloomberg survey ranked the school 5th among all business schools and first among public business schools for the largest number of alumni who are S&P 500 CEOs.[50] Similarly, a 2005 USA Today report ranked the university as "the number one source of new Fortune 1000 CEOs."[51]
Colleges and schools
The university contains sixteen colleges & schools and two academic units, each listed with its founding date:[52]
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The University of Texas at Austin offers more than 100 undergraduate and 170 graduate degrees. In the 2008-2009 academic year, the university awarded a total of 12,861 degrees: 67.0% bachelor's degrees, 22.6% master's degrees, 6.0% doctoral degrees, and 4.4% Special Professional degrees.[53]
The university has six honors programs that span a variety of academic fields: Liberal Arts Honors, the Business Honors Program, the Turing Scholars Program in Computer Sciences, Engineering Honors, the Dean's Scholars Honors Program in Natural Sciences, and the interdisciplinary Plan II Honors program.[54]
Admission
As a state public university, the University of Texas at Austin is subject to Texas House Bill 588, which guarantees graduating Texas high school seniors in the top 10% of their class admission to any public Texas university; however, students in the top 10% are not guaranteed their choice of major and certain colleges, such as the Cockrell School of Engineering, have secondary requirements that must be met for admission.[55] In 2009, over 85% of enrolled students from Texas were admitted under this law.[56] A new state law, Senate Bill 175, was passed by the 81st Legislature which modifies this admissions policy by limiting automatically-admitted freshmen to 75% of the entering in-state freshman class, starting in 2011. The university will admit the top one percent, the top two percent and so forth until the cap is reached; the university expects to automatically admit students in the top 8% of their graduating class for 2011.[57]
For others who go through the traditional application process, selectivity is deemed "more selective" according to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.[58] For Fall 2009, 31,362 applied and 45.6% were accepted, and of those accepted, 51.0% enrolled.[3] The university's freshman retention rate in 2009 was 92.5% and the six-year graduation rate was 81.0%.[3] The Fall 2009 entering class had an average ACT composite score of 27 and an average SAT composite score of 1830.[59]
Faculty and research
In Fall 2009, the school employed 2,770 full-time faculty members (88.3% of which hold terminal degree in their field), with a student-to-faculty ratio of 17.34.[3] The university's faculty includes 59 members of the National Academy,[60] winners of the Nobel Prize, the Pulitzer Prize, the National Medal of Science, the National Medal of Technology, the Turing Award and other various awards.[61] Nine Nobel Laureates are or have been affiliated with UT Austin.[62]
Except for MIT, UT Austin attracts more federal research grants than any American university without a medical school.[13] For FY 2009, the university exceeded $590 million in research funding[13] and has earned more than 300 patents since 2003.[63] UT Austin houses the Office of Technology Commercialization, a technology transfer center which serves as the bridge between laboratory research and commercial development. In 2009, UT Austin created nine new startup companies to commercialize technology developed at the university and has created 46 startups in the past seven years. UT Austin license agreements generated $10.9 million in revenue for the university in 2009.[63]
Energy is a major research thrust of the university. In 2009, UT Austin was selected by the Department of Energy to host two of the nation’s 46 Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs), each funded for $15 million over five years, focusing on battery and solar cell technology and on geological carbon dioxide storage.[64] Capitalizing on the university's algae collection—which is among the world’s largest—is a new $25 million DARPA-funded effort towards conversion of algal oil into biofuel.[65] In July 2009, UT founded the Energy Institute, led by former Under Secretary for Science Raymond L. Orbach, to organize and advance multi-disciplinary energy research at the university.[66] Other major interdisciplinary institutes at the university include the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), the Texas Materials Institute, and the Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology (CNM).
Significant research is carried out at UT's auxiliary campus, the J.J. Pickle Research Campus (PRC). The PRC is home to the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) which operates the Ranger supercomputer, one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world.[67] The Microelectronics Research Center, member of the NSF’s National Nanotecnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN), houses micro and nanoelectronics research and features a 15,000 square foot (1,400 m2) cleanroom for device fabrication. Founded in 1946, UT’s Applied Research Laboratories (ARL:UT) at PRC has been responsible for the development or testing of the vast majority of high frequency sonar equipment used by the Navy and in 2007 was granted a ten year contract by the Navy, funded up to $928 million.[68][69]
Endowment
The university has an endowment of $7.2 billion, out of the $16.11 billion (according to 2008 estimates) available to the University of Texas. This figure reflects the fact that the school has the largest endowment of any public university in the nation.[citation needed]
30% of the university's endowment comes from Permanent University Fund (PUF), with nearly $15 billion in assets as of 2007.[70][71] Proceeds from lands appropriated in 1839 and 1876, as well as oil monies, comprise the majority of PUF. At one time, the PUF was the chief source of income for Texas's two university systems, The University of Texas System and the Texas A&M University System; today, however, its revenues account for less than 10 percent of the universities' annual budgets. This has challenged the universities to increase sponsored research and private donations. Privately funded endowments contribute over $2 billion to the University's total endowment value.
The university is one of only two public universities in the U.S. that have a triple-A credit rating from all three major credit rating agencies, along with the University of Virginia.[72]
Student life
Student profile
For Fall 2009, the university enrolled 38,168 undergraduate, 11,127 graduate and 1,212 law students.[73] Out-of-state and international students comprised 8.5% of the undergraduate student body and 19.5% of the total student body, with students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries—most notably, South Korea, followed by India, the People's Republic of China, Mexico and Taiwan.[59] For Fall 2009, the undergraduate student body was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.[74] The three largest undergraduate majors in 2009 were Biological Sciences, Unspecified Business, and Psychology, while the three largest graduate majors were Business Administration (MBA), Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Pharmacy (PharmD).[59]
| Undergraduate | Graduate | Texas | U.S. Census | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| African American | 4.9% | 3.2% | 11.6% | 12.1% |
| Asian American | 18.2% | 7.5% | 3.3% | 4.3% |
| Caucasian | 53.5% | 53.1% | 71.5% | 65.8% |
| Hispanic American | 18.5% | 9.4% | 35.5% | 14.5% |
| Native American | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.9% |
| International student | 4.3% | 23.5% | N/A | N/A |
Residential life
The campus is currently home to fourteen residence halls, the newest of which opened for residence in Spring 2007. On-campus housing can hold more than 7,100 students.[77] Jester Center is the largest residence hall with its capacity of 2,945.[78] Academic enrollment exceeds the capacity of on-campus housing; as a result, most students must live in private residence halls, housing cooperatives, apartments, or with Greek organizations and other off-campus residences. The Division of Housing and Food Service, which already has the largest market share of 7,000 of the estimated 27,000 beds in the campus area, plans to expand to 9,000 beds in the near future.[79]
Student organizations
The university recognizes more than 1,000 student organizations.[80] In addition, it supports three official student governance organizations that represent student interests to faculty, administrators, and the Texas Legislature. Student Government, established in 1902, is the oldest governance organization and represents student interests in general.[81] The Senate of College Councils represents students in academic affairs and coordinates the college councils,[82] and the Graduate Student Assembly represents graduate student interests.[83] The Texas Union Student Events Center serves as the hub for student activities on campus.[84] The Friar Society serves as the oldest honor society at the university.[85] The Texas 4000 for Cancer student organization is the longest annual charity bicycle ride in the world and has raised over $1.4 million dollars for cancer research from its founding in 2004 to April, 2009.[86]
Greek life
The University of Texas at Austin is home to an active Greek community. The first Greek chapter on campus was the Texas Beta chapter of Phi Delta Theta and was founded on October 15, 1883, less than a month after the opening of the University.[citation needed] Approximately 11 percent of undergraduate students are in fraternities or sororities.[3] With more than 50 national fraternity and sorority chapters, the university's Greek community is one of the largest in the nation.[citation needed] These chapters are under the authority of one of the school's five Greek council communities, Interfraternity Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, Texas Asian Pan-Hellenic Council, United Greek Council and University Panhellenic Council.[87] Other registered student organizations also name themselves with Greek letters and are called affiliates. They are not a part of one of the five councils but have all of the same privileges and responsibilities of any other organization.[88] According to the Office of the Dean of Students' mission statement, Greek Life promotes the principles of cultural appreciation, scholarship, leadership, and service.[89] Only the Kappa Kappa Gamma and Alpha Phi fraternity and sorority houses are located on campus; the majority of Greek houses are located west of the Drag in the neighborhood called West Campus. More than fifteen Greek organizations are currently on probation for hazing activity.[citation needed] In 2006, Sigma Alpha Epsilon pledge Tyler Cross died from falling off of a balcony in West Campus with a blood alcohol content of 0.19; his family received a reported $16 million from Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity.[88]
Media
Students express their opinions in and outside of class through periodicals including Study Breaks Magazine, The Daily Texan (the most award-winning daily college newspaper in the United States),[90] and the Texas Travesty. Over the airwaves students' voices are heard through K09VR and KVRX.
The Computer Writing and Research Lab of the university's Department of Rhetoric and Writing also hosts the Blogora, a blog for "connecting rhetoric, rhetorical methods and theories, and rhetoricians with public life" by the Rhetoric Society of America.[91]
Traditions
Traditions at the University of Texas are perpetuated through several school symbols and mediums. At athletic events, students frequently sing "Texas Fight", the university's fight song while displaying the Hook 'em Horns hand gesture—the gesture mimicking the horns of the school's mascot, Bevo the Texas longhorn.
Athletics
The University of Texas offers a wide variety of varsity and intramural sports programs. As of 2008, the university's athletics program ranked fifth in the nation among Division I schools, according to the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics.[92] Due to the breadth of sports offered and the quality of the programs, Texas was selected as "America's Best Sports College" in a 2002 analysis performed by Sports Illustrated.[93] Texas was also listed as the number one Collegiate Licensing Company client for the second consecutive year in regards to the amount of annual trademark royalties received from the sales of its fan merchandise. However, this ranking is based only on clients of the Collegiate Licensing Company, which does not handle licensing for approximately three dozen large schools including Ohio State, USC, UCLA, Michigan State, and Texas A&M.[94][95]
Varsity sports
The university's men's and women's athletics teams are nicknamed the Longhorns. A charter member of the Southwest Conference until its dissolution in 1996, Texas now competes in the Big 12 Conference (South Division) of the NCAA's Division I-FBS. Texas has won 47 total national championships,[96] 39 of which are NCAA national championships.[97]
The University of Texas has traditionally been considered a college football powerhouse.[98][99][100] At the start of the 2007 season, the Longhorns were ranked third in the all-time list of both total wins and winning percentage.[101] The team experienced its greatest success under coach Darrell Royal, winning three national championships in 1963, 1969, and 1970. It won a fourth title under head coach Mack Brown in 2005 after a 41-38 victory over previously undefeated Southern California in the 2006 Rose Bowl.
In recent years, the men's basketball team has gained prominence, advancing to the NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen in 2002, the Final Four in 2003, the Sweet Sixteen in 2004, and the Elite Eight in 2006 and 2008.
The university's baseball team is considered one of the best in the nation with more trips to the College World Series than any other school, with wins in 1949, 1950, 1975, 1983, 2002 and 2005.
Additionally, the university's highly successful men's and women's swimming and diving teams lay claim to sixteen NCAA Division I titles.[102] The swim team was first developed under Coach Tex Robertson.[103] In particular, the men's team is under the leadership of Eddie Reese, who served as the head men's coach at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, the 2004 Games in Athens and the 2008 Games in Beijing.
Rivalries
The Longhorns have a rivalry in all sports with the Texas A&M Aggies. The two schools have acknowledged the importance of this rivalry by creating the State Farm Lone Star Showdown series, which encompasses all sports where both schools field a varsity team. The football game played between the two schools is the third longest-running rivalry in the nation and is the longest-running rivalry for both schools. Longhorns lead the showdown with 75-36-5. The game is traditionally played on Thanksgiving day. Both schools hold a rally before the annual football game — Texas hosts the Hex Rally, and students at Texas A&M host the Aggie Bonfire (although it is no longer an officially sanctioned Texas A&M event after the deaths of 12 students in 1999).
The Longhorns also have a long standing football rivalry with the Oklahoma Sooners and hold a 59-40-5 edge in that series. Each year the teams play in Dallas, Texas, in the Red River Rivalry game.
Other schools, such as University of Arkansas and Texas Tech, also count Texas among their rivals, though each of these schools also trail Texas by significant margins in overall series records, 56-21-0 and 44-15-0, respectively.
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