| University of Bristol | |
|---|---|
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| Latin: Universitas Bristolliensis (Bris.) | |
| Motto | Vim promovet insitam |
| Motto in English | "[Learning] promotes one's innate power" – from Horace, Ode 4.4[1] |
| Established | 1909 by Royal Charter 1876 - University College[2] |
| Type | Public |
| Endowment | £46.4m[3] |
| Chancellor | Baroness Hale of Richmond[4] |
| Vice-Chancellor | Prof Eric Thomas[5] |
| Visitor | The Lord President of the Council ex officio[6] |
| Staff | 5,119 (2006)[7] |
| Students | 22,780[8] |
| Undergraduates | 15,330[8] |
| Postgraduates | 7,450[8] |
| Location | Bristol, England, UK 51°27′23″N 02°36′16″W / 51.45639°N 2.60444°WCoordinates: 51°27′23″N 02°36′16″W / 51.45639°N 2.60444°W |
| Campus | Urban |
| Colours | Pantone 187[9] |
| Affiliations | Russell Group Coimbra Group Worldwide Universities Network Universities UK |
| Website | www.bristol.ac.uk |
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The University of Bristol is a university in Bristol, England.[10] One of the so-called "red brick" universities, it received its Royal Charter in 1909,[11] although its predecessor institution, University College, Bristol, had been in existence since 1876.[12] The University has an annual turnover of £347m and is the largest independent employer in Bristol.[13]
The University is a member of the Russell Group,[14] European-wide Coimbra Group[15] and the Worldwide Universities Network, of which the University's Vice-Chancellor Prof Eric Thomas was Chair (2005-2007).[16] The University of Bristol has approximately 18,000 students.
Bristol is one of the most popular multi-faculty universities in Britain, judged in terms of applications per place, with independent school pupils taking more than a third of the places. [17]
History
Foundation
The earliest antecedent of the university was the engineering department of the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College (founded as a school as early as 1595) which became the Engineering faculty of Bristol University.[18] The University was also preceded by Bristol Medical School (1833) and University College, Bristol, founded in 1876,[12] where its first lecture was attended by only 99 students.[19] The University was able to apply for a Royal Charter due to the financial support of the Wills and Fry families, who made their fortunes in tobacco plantations and chocolate, respectively. Although the Wills Family made huge sums of money from the slave using plantations, they later became abolitionists who gave their money to the city of Bristol.[20] The Royal Charter was gained in May 1909, with 288 undergraduates and 400 other students entering the University in October 1909. Henry Overton Wills III became its first chancellor.[12] The University College was the first such institution in the country to admit women on the same basis as men.[12] However, women were forbidden to take examinations in medicine until 1906.[21]
| There shall be from henceforth for ever in Our said City of Bristol a University... |
| King Edward VII, Charter of Incorporation of the University of Bristol, 4 December 1909[22] |
Historical development
Since the founding of the University itself in 1909, it has grown considerably and is now one of the largest employers in the local area, although it is smaller by student numbers than the nearby University of the West of England.[8] Bristol does not have a campus but is spread over a considerable geographic area. Most of its activities, however, are concentrated in the area of the city centre, referred to as the "University Precinct". It is a member of the Russell Group of research-led UK universities, the Coimbra Group of leading European universities and the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN).
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[edit] Early years
After the founding of the University College in 1876, Government support began in 1889. After mergers with the Bristol Medical School in 1893 and the Merchant Venturers' Technical College in 1909,[23] this funding allowed the opening of a new Medical School and an Engineering School—two subjects that remain among the University's greatest strengths. In 1908, gifts from the Fry and Wills families, particularly £100,000 from Henry Overton Wills III (£6m in today's money), were provided to endow a University for Bristol and the West of England, provided that a Royal Charter could be obtained within two years. In December, 1909, the King granted such a Charter and erected the University of Bristol.[22] Henry Wills became its first Chancellor and Conwy Lloyd Morgan the first Vice-Chancellor.[24] Wills died in 1911 and in tribute his sons George and Harry built the Wills Memorial Building, starting in 1913 and finally finishing in 1925.[25] Today, it houses parts of the academic provision for earth sciences and law, and graduation ceremonies are held in its Great Hall. The Wills Memorial Building is a Grade II* listed building.[26]
In 1920, George Wills bought the Victoria Rooms and endowed them to the University as a Students' Union.[12] The building now houses the Department of Music and is a Grade II* listed building.[27]
At the point of foundation, the University was required to provide for the local community. This mission was behind the creation of the Department of Extra-Mural Adult Education in 1924 to provide courses to the local community. This mission continues today; a new admissions policy specifically caters to the 'BS' postcode area of Bristol.[28]
Among the famous names associated with Bristol in this early period is Paul Dirac, who graduated in 1921 with a degree in engineering, before obtaining a second degree in mathematics in 1923 from Cambridge. For his subsequent pioneering work on quantum mechanics, he was awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics.[29] Later in the 1920s, the H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory was opened by Ernest Rutherford.[30] It has since housed several Nobel Prize winners: Cecil Frank Powell (1950);[31] Hans Albrecht Bethe (1967);[32] and Sir Nevill Francis Mott (1977).[33] The Laboratory stands on the same site today, close to the Bristol Grammar School and the city museum.
Sir Winston Churchill became the University's third Chancellor in 1929, serving the University in that capacity until 1965.[12] He succeeded Richard Haldane who had held the office from 1912 following the death of Henry Wills.[21][24]
During World War II, the Wills Memorial was bombed, destroying the Great Hall and the organ it housed.[12] It has since been restored to its former glory, complete with oak panelled walls and a new organ.
[edit] Post-war development
In 1946, the University established the first drama department in the country.[12] In the same year, Bristol began offering special entrance exams and grants to aid the resettlement of servicemen returning home. Student numbers continued to increase, and the Faculty of Engineering eventually needed the new premises that were to become Queen's Building in 1955. This substantial building housed all of the University's engineers until 1996, when Electrical Engineering and Computer Science moved over the road into the new Merchant Venturers' Building to make space for these rapidly expanding fields. Today, Queen's Building caters for most of the teaching needs of the Faculty and provides academic space for the "heavy" engineering subjects (civil, mechanical, and aeronautical).
With unprecedented growth in the 1960s, particularly in undergraduate numbers, the Student's Union eventually acquired larger premises in a new building in the Clifton area of the city, in 1965. This building was more spacious than the Victoria Rooms, which were now given over to the Department of Music. The new Union provides many practice and performance rooms, some specialist rooms, as well as three bars: Bar 100; the Mandela (also known as AR2) and the Avon Gorge. Whilst spacious, the Union building is thought by many to be ugly[34] and out of character compared to the architecture of the rest of the Clifton area, having been mentioned in a BBC poll to find the worst architectural eyesores in Britain.[35] The University has proposed relocating the Union to a more central location as part of its development 'masterplan'.[36]
The 1960s were a time of considerable student activism in the United Kingdom, and Bristol was no exception. In 1968, many students marched in support of the Anderson Report, which called for higher student grants. This discontent culminated in an 11-day sit-in at the Senate House (the administrative headquarters of the University).[12] A series of Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors led the University through these decades, with Henry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort taking over from Churchill as Chancellor in 1965 before being succeeded by Dorothy Hodgkin in 1970 who spent the next 18 years in the office.[24]
As the age of mass higher education dawned, Bristol continued to build its student numbers. The various undergraduate residences were repeatedly expanded and, more recently, some postgraduate residences have been constructed. These more recent ventures have been funded (and are run) by external companies in agreement with the University.
Since 1988, there have been only two further Chancellors: Sir Jeremy Morse, then chairman of Lloyds Bank who handed over in 2003 to Brenda Hale, the first female Law Lord.[21][24]
One of the few Centres for Deaf Studies in the United Kingdom was established in Bristol in 1981, followed in 1988 by the Norah Fry Centre for research into learning difficulties. Also in 1988, and again in 2004,[37] the Students' Union AGM voted to disaffiliate from the National Union of Students (NUS). On both occasions, however, the subsequent referendum of all students reversed that decision and Bristol remains affiliated to the NUS.
In 2002, the University was involved in argument over press intrusion after details of the son of then-Prime Minister Tony Blair's application to university were published in national newspapers.
As the number of postgraduate students has grown (particularly the numbers pursuing taught Master's Degrees), there eventually became a need for separate representation on University bodies and the Postgraduate Union (PGU) was established in 2000.[38] Universities are increasingly expected to exploit the intellectual property generated by their research activities and, in 2000, Bristol established the Research and Enterprise Division (RED) to further this cause (particularly for technology-based businesses). In 2001, the university signed a 25-year research funding deal with IP2IPO, an intellectual property commercialisation company.[39] In 2007, research activities were expanded further with the opening of the Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) and The Bristol Institute for Public Affairs (BIPA).
In 2002, the University opened a new Centre for Sports, Exercise and Health in the heart of the University precinct.[40] At a cost, local residents are also able to use the facilities.[41]
Expansion of teaching and research activities continues. In 2004, the Faculty of Engineering completed work on the Bristol Laboratory for Advanced Dynamics Engineering (BLADE). This £18.5m project[42] provides cutting-edge technology to further the study of dynamics and is the most advanced such facility in Europe. It was built as an extension to the Queen's Building and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in March 2005.
In January, 2005, The School of Chemistry was awarded £4.5m by the Higher Education Funding Council for England to create Bristol ChemLabS: a Centre for Excellence in Teaching & Learning (CETL),[43] with an additional £350k announced for the capital part of the project in February, 2006. Bristol ChemLabS stands for Bristol Chemical Laboratory Sciences; it is the only Chemistry CETL in the UK.[44]
There is also a plan to significantly redevelop the centre of the University Precinct in the coming years.[45]
2003 admissions row
The University has been regarded as being elitist by some commentators,[46] taking 41% of its undergraduate students from non-state schools, according to the most recent 2009/2010 figures, despite the fact that such pupils make up just 7% of the population in the UK.[47] The high ratio of undergraduates from non-state school has led to some tension at the university.[48] In late February and early March 2003, Bristol became embroiled in a row about admissions policies, with some private schools threatening a boycott[49] based on their claims that, in an effort to improve equality of access, the University was discriminating against their students. These claims were hotly denied by the University.[50] In August, 2005, following a large-scale survey, the Independent Schools Council publicly acknowledged that there was no evidence of bias against applicants from the schools it represented.[51] The University has a new admissions policy,[28] which lays out in considerable detail the basis on which any greater or lesser weight may be given to particular parts of an applicant's backgrounds—in particular, what account may be taken of which school the applicant hails from. This new policy also encourages greater participation from locally resident applicants. Nevertheless, the traditional focus on high academic standards remains intact.
Academic reputation
Bristol is known for academics, excellent facilities, and a desirable location. League tables generally place Bristol within the top ten universities in the United Kingdom. Internationally, the 2009 THE-QS World University Rankings (known from 2010 onwards as the QS World University Rankings) placed Bristol 34th in the world in 2009.[52] Another international ranking, the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Academic Ranking of World Universities, placed Bristol 62nd globally in 2007.[53] According to data published in The Telegraph Bristol has the third-highest percentage of 'good honours' of any UK university, behind Oxford and Cambridge.[54] However Bristol gained some of the lowest scores for student satisfaction in the 2008 National Student Survey[55][56]. The following courses offered by University of Bristol, managed to reach top 5 in the Times ranking (2008): Computer Science(3rd); Electrical and Electronic Engineering(3rd); Civil Engineering(5th); Biological Sciences(3rd); Mathematics (3rd); and Psychology (4th).
In addition, Bristol is particularly strong in the field of social sciences, particularly in Economics, Finance and Management, and was recently rated 4th in the 2008 Guardian University Guide for Business and Management Studies.[57]
Bristol is also known for its research strength, having 15 departments gaining the top grade of 5* in the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise. Overall, 36 out of 46 departments rated gained the top two ratings of 5 or 5*, and 76% of all the academic staff working in departments scored these top two levels.[58][59] In terms of teaching strength, Bristol had an average Teaching Quality Assessment score of 22.05/24 before the TQA was abolished.[60] For admission in October 2005, Bristol reported an average of 10.8 applications per place with the average A-level score on admission being 436.4.[61] That year, Bristol's drop-out rate was 2.2% compared to the benchmark set by HEFCE of no more than 3.1%.[62]
The University has a Students' Union, the University of Bristol Union, which claims to have the largest Students' Union building in the country.[100] From this location, the student radio station BURST (Bristol University Radio Station) broadcasts and the student paper Epigram has its office. In terms of student life, the Union is responsible for the organisation of the annual freshers' fair, the coordination of Bristol Student Community Action, which organizes volunteering projects in the local community, and the organization of entertainment events and student societies. The current President of the union is Owen Peachey. Previous presidents have included Sue Lawley and Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Opik. There is a separate union for postgraduate students, as well as an athletic union, which is a member of the British Universities & Colleges Sport.[101] In distinction to the 'blues' awarded for sporting excellence at Oxford and Cambridge, Bristol's outstanding athletes are awarded 'reds'.[102]
Halls of residence
Accommodation for students is primarily in the central precinct of the University and two areas of Bristol: Clifton and Stoke Bishop.[103] In Stoke Bishop, Wills Hall on the edge of the Clifton Downs was the first to be opened, in 1929, by then-Chancellor Winston Churchill. Its original quadrangle layout has been expanded twice, in 1962 and 1990.[103] Churchill Hall, named for the Chancellor, followed in 1956, then Badock Hall in 1964.[103][104] At the time of Badock Hall's establishment, some of the buildings were called Hiatt Baker Hall, but two years later, Hiatt Baker moved to its own site and is now the largest hall in the University.[103][105] The first self-catering hall in Stoke Bishop was University Hall, established in 1971 with expansion in 1992.[103] The University's newest undergraduate residence, Durdham Hall, was opened in Stoke Bishop in 1994.[103] All of the main halls elect groups of students to the Junior Common Room to organize the halls social calendar for the next year.
In Clifton, Goldney Hall was built first in the early 1700s by a wealthy merchant family of the same surname and eventually became part of the University in 1956.[106] It is a popular location for filming, with The Chronicles of Narnia, The House of Eliott and Truly, Madly, Deeply, as well as episodes of Only Fools and Horses and Casualty, being filmed there.[107] The Grotto in the grounds is a Grade I listed building.[108] Clifton Hill House is another Grade I listed building now used as student accommodation in Clifton. It was originally built in between 1745 and 1750 by Isaac Ware, and has been used by the University since its earliest days in 1909.[103][109] Manor Hall comprises five separate buildings, the principal of which was erected from 1927–1932 to the design of George Oatley following a donation from Henry Herbert Wills.
One of its annexes, Manor House, has recently been refurbished and officially 'reopened' in 1999.[103][110] Goldney Hall has beautiful gardens and modern accommodation complexes, whilst Clifton Hill House's accommodation is much smaller and far less attractive. Manor Hall houses the largest and most dated rooms, some dating back to the early 20th century. The hall's gardens are breathtakingly attractive, and complement what is a historically beautiful hall.
Several of the residences in the central precinct are more recent and have been built and are managed by third-party organisations under exclusivity arrangements with the University. These include Unite House and Chantry Court, opened in 2000 and 2003 respectively by the UNITE Group,[111][112][113] as well as Dean's Court (2001, postgraduates only) and Woodland Court (2005), both run by the Dominion Housing Group.[114][115]
Academic structure
The University is made up of a number of schools and departments organised into six faculties:[116]
[edit] Faculty of Arts
| [edit] Faculty of Engineering
[edit] Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences
[edit] Faculty of Science
| [edit] Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
[edit] Faculty of Social Sciences and Law
|
Degrees
Bristol awards a range of academic degrees spanning bachelor's and master's degrees as well as junior doctorates and higher doctorates. The postnominals awarded are the degree abbreviations used commonly among British universities. The University is part of the Engineering Doctorate scheme,[117] and awards the Eng. D. in systems engineering, engineering management, aerospace engineering and non-destructive evaluation.[118]
Bristol notably does not award by title any Bachelor's degrees in music, which is available for study but awarded B.A. (although it does award M.Mus. and D.Mus.), nor any degree in divinity, since divinity is not available for study (students of theology are awarded a B.A.). Similarly, the University does not award B.Litt. (Bachelor of Letters), although it does award both M.Litt. and D.Litt. In regulations, the University does not name M.D. or D.D.S. as higher doctorates, although they are in many universities.[119] as these degrees are normally accredited professional doctorates.
The degrees of D.Litt., D.Sc., D.Eng., LL.D. and D.Mus., whilst having regulations specifying the grounds for award,[120] are most often conferred as honorary degrees (in honoris causa).[121] Those used most commonly are the D.Litt., D.Sc. and LL.D., with the M.A. (and occasionally the M.Litt.) also sometimes conferred honorarily for distinction in the local area or within the University.
Governance
In common with most UK universities, Bristol is headed formally by the Chancellor, currently Brenda Hale and led on a day-to-day basis by the Vice-Chancellor, currently Prof Eric Thomas. There are four Pro-Vice-Chancellors and three ceremonial Pro-Chancellors.[122] The Chancellor may hold office for up to ten years and the Pro-Chancellors for up to three, unless the University Court determines otherwise,[123][124] but the Vice-Chancellor and Pro-Vice-Chancellors have no term limits.[125][126] From September 2008, there will also be a Deputy Vice-Chancellor, who will stand in for the Vice-Chancellor on all matters when the latter is away from the University.[127]
Responsibility for running the University is held at an executive level by the Vice-Chancellor, but the Council is the only body that can recommend changes to the University's statutes and Charter,[128] with the exception of academic ordinances. These can only be made with the consent of the Senate, the chief academic body in the University which also holds responsibility for teaching and learning, examinations and research and enterprise.[128][129] The Chancellor and Pro Chancellors are nominated by Council and appointed formally by Court, whose additional powers are now limited to these appointments and a few others, including some lay members of Council.[130] Finally, Convocation, the body of all staff, ceremonial officers and graduates of the University, returns 100 members to Court and one member to Council,[122] but is otherwise principally a forum for discussion and to ensure graduates stay in touch with the University.
Architecture
Some of the University of Bristol's buildings date to its pre-charter days when it was University College Bristol. These buildings were designed by Charles Hansom, the younger brother of Joseph Hansom, the inventor of the Hansom Cab. These buildings suffered being built in stages due to financial pressure. George Oatley added to them a tower in memory of Albert Fry which can still be seen on University Road. The first large scale building project the University of Bristol undertook on gaining a charter was the Wills Memorial Building which it was hoped would be a symbol of academic permanence for the University and a memorial to the chief benefactor of the University Henry Overton Wills. It was requested to the architect George Oatley that the building be built to last at least 400 years but the site purchased, at the top of Park Street suffered from an awkward slope and a desirability to link the building with the Museum and Art Gallery situated adjacent to the plot. The architecture critic Roger Gill has stated that the building is "remarkable in size" but noted that the "ambience of a medieval University was strangely lacking". He goes on to criticize the building as a "sham" and a "folly".[131] The armorials on the Founder's Window represent all of the interests present at the founding of the University of Bristol including the Wills and Fry families. The Tyndalls Park Estate and Royal Fort House were also purchased from the trustees of the Tyndall family allowing the University to expand. Many Departments in the Faculty of Arts are housed in large Victorian houses which have been converted for teaching.[132]
Goldney gardens entered the property of the University of Bristol through George Wills who had hoped to build an all male hall of residence there. This was prevented due to the moral objection of the then warden of Clifton Hall House who objected to the idea of male and female residences being in such close proximity. University records show that Miss Starvey was prepared to resign over the issue and that she had the support of the then Chancellor Conwy Lloyd Morgan.[133] Eventually land was purchased in Stoke Bishop allowing Wills Hall to be bought, allowing the building of what has been described as a "quasi-Oxbridge" hall, to which was added the Dame Monica Wills Chapel added by George Wills' widow after his death.
. Burwalls, a mansion house on the other side of the Avon Gorge was used as a halls of residence in the past and was a home of Sir George Oatley. The building is now used to house the Centre for Continuing Education.[134]
Many of the more modern buildings including the Physics department and Senate House were designed by Raplh Brentnall after funds from the University Grants Committee. He is also responsible for the extension to the Wills Memorial Building library which was completed to such standard that few now realize that is an extension to the original building.[135] Brentnall oversaw the rebuilding of the Great Hall of the Wills Memorial Building after it was partly destroyed during the Bristol Blitz of World War II. The buildings of St Michael's Hill were rebuilt using hundreds of old photographs in order to recreate the original houses. The flats at Goldney Hall were designed by Michael Grice and received an award from the Civic Trust for their design.[136] Bristol University owns some of the best examples of Georgian architecture in the city, the best examples being Royal Fort House, Clifton Hill House and Goldney Hall despite some additions.[137] The Victoria Rooms which house the Music Department were design by Charles Dyer and is seen as a good example of a Greek revival movement in British architecture. The tympanum of the building depicts a scene from The Advent of Morning designed by Jabez Tyley.[138] Its major feature was a large organ which has since been destroyed by fire.
Symbols
In common with other universities in the United Kingdom, Bristol uses its particular pattern of academic dress as well its logo and coat of arms to represent itself.
Academic dress
The University specifies a mix of Cambridge and Oxford academic dress. For the most part, it uses Cambridge-style hoods and Oxford-style gowns. Unusually for British universities, the hoods are required to be 'University red' (see the logo at the top of the page) rather than black.[139]
Logo and arms
In 2004, the University unveiled its new logo. The icons in the logo are the sun for the Wills family, the dolphin for Colston, the horse for Fry and the ship-and-castle from the mediaeval seal of the City of Bristol, as also used in the coat of arms. The shape of the whole logo represents the open book of learning.[9] This logo has replaced the University arms shown, but the arms continue to be used where there is a specific historical or ceremonial requirement. The arms comprise:
argent on a cross quadrate gules the arms of the City of Bristol between in pale and a sun in splendour (for Wills) and an open book proper, leaved and clasped or, and inscribed with the words Nisi quia Dominus, and in fesse to the dexter a dolphin embowed (for Colston), and to the sinister a horse courant (for Fry), both of the third.
The inscription on the book is the Latin opening of the 124th Psalm, "If the Lord Himself had not (been on our side...)".[1]
People
Bristol has produced nine Nobel Laureates and academics include ten Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences, ten Fellows of the British Academy, twelve Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and eighteen Fellows of the Royal Society.[140]
Present academics include Sir Michael Berry, knighted in 1996, one of the discoverers of quantum mechanics' 'geometric phase',[141] John Rarity who, in 2001, set a then world-record 1.9 km range for free-space secure key exchange using quantum cryptography,[142] and Mark Horton, one of the presenters of the BBC's Coast television series.[143] Patricia Broadfoot, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Gloucestershire, and Nigel Thrift, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick both were previously faculty at Bristol.[144][145] Anthony Epstein, co-discoverer of the Epstein-Barr virus, was Professor of Pathology at the University from 1968–1982.[146] Historical academics include Sir John Lennard-Jones, discoverer of the Lennard-Jones potential in physics[147][148] and Alfred Marshall, one of the University College's Principals and influential economist in the latter part of the 19th century.[149]
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